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Representative and Participatory Democracy: Research The Colombia Program has been developing the following research, technical assistance, publications and workshops on issues of representative and participatory democracy, with particular attention to the sub-national level: a) Research in Colombia on lessons learned and best practices with sub-national efforts to deepen participatory and representative democracy. In this context it was published the book: Participación y Fortalecimiento Institucional a nivel local en Colombia, Javeriana University and Ministry of the Interior, 2001 by Miguel Ceballos and Gerard Martin. This book documents research about public policy mechanisms to promote citizen participation and deepen democracy at the sub national level in Colombia. b) Research seminars at Georgetown University. The Colombia Program has organized workshops and seminars related to topics of interest of local governance with the participation of speakers such as  Antanas Mockus (former Bogota Mayor), Enrique Peñalosa (former Bogota Mayor), a group of Mayors from medium sized cities (on elections and security risks), with a group of city council members (on the importance of city councils for deepening democracy at the sub-national level), and other policy makers. The Program also organized on campus seminars with international Colombia experts as professor Malcolm Deas (St. Anthony’s College, Oxford, UK) and professor Daniel Pecaut (Ecole des Hautes Etudes en Sciences Sociales, Paris, France). c) Democracy and Local Governance section in the Political Database of the Americas. The Program created the section of decentralization and local government in the Political Database of the Americas PDBA. This web site presents, in a systematic and concise way, information on sub-national government organization and legal framework of different countries in the region. d) Applied research in the form of design and support for rapid assessments of sub-national democracy contexts. The Program has implemented diverse surveys to be applied to mayors, governors, deputies, and city council members in order to assess the different aspects related to local governance. Survey for Governors in Colombia 2003 Survey for Deputies in Colombia 2004 Survey for City Council Members 2005